Holographic elysium of a 4D ophthalmic anatomical and pathological metaverse with extended reality/mixed reality

Extended reality is one of the leading cutting-edge technologies, which has not yet fully set foot into the field of ophthalmology. The use of extended reality technology especially in ophthalmic education and counseling will revolutionize the face of teaching and counseling on a whole new level. We have used this novel technology and have created a holographic museum of various anatomical structures such as the eyeball, cerebral venous system, cerebral arterial system, cranial nerves, and various parts of the brain in fine detail. These four-dimensional (4D) ophthalmic holograms created by us (patent pending) are cost-effectively constructed with TrueColor confocal images to serve as a new-age immersive 4D pedagogical and counseling tool for gameful learning and counseling, respectively. According to our knowledge, this concept has not been reported in the literature before.

Eye MG 3D Application - A comprehensive ocular anatomy and pathophysiology 3D atlas with real-time true color confocal images to enhance ophthalmology education and e-Counseling

Concepts pertaining to ophthalmology have lots of theoretical frameworks. Neophyte residents and novice surgeons may have to mentally visualize these concepts during the initial days of training. Only a powerful cognitive tool such as a three?dimensional (3D) eyeball model, with real?time TrueColor confocal images (and not animated images or models), can fill in these intellective mental gaps. Giving the users (i.e., residents and students) the power to choose and visualize various parts of the eye, with multiple magnitudes of zoom, is mandatory for optimal e?learning. To make ophthalmic concept learning better, we have developed a 3D app Eye MG 3D (patent pending) comprising ocular anatomy and pathophysiological 3D models, built on an advanced interactive 3D touch interface, by using patient抯 real?time confocal images to serve as a new?age pedagogical tool and e?counseling. According to our knowledge, there are no applications to date that incorporate real?time high?resolution multimodal confocal fundus images and photoreal visuals for interactive and immersive 3D learning.

3D printing ophthalmology related models for enhancing learning through the concept of puzzle assembly - A comprehensive self-learning tactile tool kit

Practical sessions facilitate teaching, critical thinking, and coping skills, especially among medical students and professionals. Currently, in ophthalmology, virtual and augmented reality are employed for surgical training by using three?dimensional (3D) eyeball models. These 3D models when printed can be used not only for surgical training but also in teaching ophthalmic residents and fellows for concept learning through tactile 3D puzzle assembly. 3D printing is perfectly suited for the creation of complex bespoke items in a cost?effective manner, making it ideal for rapid prototyping. Puzzle making, when combined with 3D printing can evolve into a different level of learning in the field of ophthalmology. Though various 3D eyeball models are currently available, complex structures such as the cerebral venous system and the circle of Willis have never been 3D printed and presented as 3D puzzles for assembling and learning. According to our knowledge, this concept of ophthalmic pedagogy has never been reported. In this manuscript, we discuss in detail the 3D models created by us (patent pending), for printing into multiple puzzle pieces for effective tactile learning by cognitive assembling

Immersive photoreal new-age innovative gameful pedagogy for e-ophthalmology with 3D augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) has come a long way from a science?fiction concept to a science?based reality. AR is a view of the real, physical world in which the elements are enhanced by computer?generated inputs. AR is available on mobile handsets, which constitutes an essential e?learning platform. Today, AR is a real technology and not a science?fiction concept. The use of an e?ophthalmology platform with AR will pave the pathway for new?age gameful pedagogy. In this manuscript, we present a newly innovated AR program named "Eye MG AR" to simplify ophthalmic concept learning and to serve as a new?age immersive 3D pedagogical tool for gameful learning.

Correlation between serum magnesium levels and diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: In this study, an attempt has been made to find the correlation between Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and serum magnesium in type 2 Diabetic Mellitus (DM) cases.Methods: Study was conducted in the department of General Medicine, GSL Medical College. Study protocol was approved by institutional ethical committee. All the non-critically ill type 2 DM individuals of all ages attended the outpatient services were included in the study. The reference range of Magnesium was taken as 1.7-2.4 mg/dL. Patients with low and normal Magnesium levels were categorized as cases and controls respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software 21, Chi square test was used to compare the different qualitative variables; p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: A total of 163 individuals were included in the study, the mean age was 55.72 years, ranged between 39 to 75 years; male female ratio was 1.12. DR was diagnosed in 54% cases and low magnesium levels were detected in 40% cases; the difference was statistically not significant (p>0.05).Conclusions: Estimation of glycaemic levels and serum magnesium can help us predict the onset and progression of DR.

Achara Rasayana-a Behavioral Therapy In Ayurveda To Promote Health And Happiness

Rasayana Tantra is one of the eight major divisions of Astang Ayurveda. In Ayurveda, one of the major methods of presentation of positive health has been described i.e. Rasayana. There are many activities that promote health and happiness by engendering positive emotions and experiences, which in turn promote the production of Ojas. These activities are included in Achara Rasayana . Ayurveda strongly emphasizes prevention, promotion, cure and rehabilitation. For this, it advocates to follow the principles of health, observation of principles – Dincharya (daily regimen), Ritucharya (Seasonal regimen), Ratricharya (Night routine), Sadvritta and Achar Rasayan (Ethical and Moral activities), Aahar (Food), Nidra (Sleep) and Brahmacharya (Regulated Action). Achara Rasayana is described in various texts. It means good conduct. It signifies the physical and mental conducts of a man and it has been designated as an Rasayana – a vitalizer agent for entire span of life. This is a measure having no involvement of drugs and if it is sincerely taken into practice, it may replenish and maintain total life process free from ailments. A careful analysis of qualities of Achara Rasayana reveal that most of them are related with Mana, Dhi, Dhriti along with good conduct and these results in maximum benefit. The principles of Achar Rasayana are more relevant today than ever. It goes into the heart of the issue we are trying to overcome in order to be well and healthy. Environmental toxicity and the food chain we are accustomed to have threatened our lives. The integral connection between nature and man is an understatement.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Local Texture Description Framework-Based Modified Local Directional Number Pattern with Various Classifiers for Face Recognition

ABSTRACT Texture is one of the chief characteristics of an image. In recent years, local texture descriptors have garnered attention among researchers in describing effective texture patterns to demarcate facial images. A feature descriptor titled Local Texture Description Framework-based Modified Local Directional Number pattern (LTDF_MLDN), capable of encoding texture patterns with pixels that lie at dissimilar regions, has been proposed recently to describe effective features for face images. However, the role of the descriptor can differ with different classifiers and distance metrics for diverse issues in face recognition. Hence, in this paper, an extensive evaluation of the LTDF_MLDN is carried out with an Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), a Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a Nearest Neighborhood Classifier (NNC) which uses Euclidian, Manhattan, Minkowski, G-statistics and chi-square dissimilarity metrics to illustrate differences in performance with respect to assorted issues in face recognition using six benchmark databases. Experimental results depict that the proposed descriptor is best suited with NNC for general case and expression variation, whereas, for the other facial variations ELM is found to produce better results.

An Efficient Human Identification through MultiModal Biometric System

ABSTRACT Human identification is essential for proper functioning of society. Human identification through multimodal biometrics is becoming an emerging trend, and one of the reasons is to improve recognition accuracy. Unimodal biometric systems are affected by various problemssuch as noisy sensor data,non-universality, lack of individuality, lack of invariant representation and susceptibility to circumvention.A unimodal system has limited accuracy. Hence, Multimodal biometric systems by combining more than one biometric feature in different levels are proposed in order to enhance the performance of the system. A supervisor module combines the different opinions or decisions delivered by each subsystem and then make a final decision. In this paper, a multimodal biometrics authentication is proposed by combining face, iris and finger features. Biometric features are extracted by Local Derivative Ternary Pattern (LDTP) in Contourlet domain and an extensive evaluation of LDTP is done using Support Vector Machine and Nearest Neighborhood Classifier. The experimental evaluations are performed on a public dataset demonstrating the accuracy of the proposed system compared with the existing systems. It is observed that, the combination of face, fingerprint and iris gives better performance in terms of accuracy, False Acceptance Rate, False Rejection Rate with minimum computation time.

Effect of topical phenytoin on burn wound healing in rats.

To evaluate the effect of phenytoin on burn wounds and to compare the effect of the combination of topical phenytoin preparation in dexamethasone treated burn wounds in rats, partial thickness thermal burn wounds were inflicted upon five groups of six rats each. Group I was assigned as control, Group II received the standard silver sulphadiazine, Group III was given topical phenytoin and Group IV received injection dexamethasone, Group V received the combination of the phenytoin and the dexamethasone. The parameters observed were epithelialization period, percentage of wound contraction and histopathological analysis as indicative of the process of healing. Phenytoin group showed significant improvement in burn wound contraction in comparison to standard silver sulphadiazine group, the combination group of topical phenytoin and dexamethasone also showed significant contraction compared to dexamethasone group. The period of epithelialization also decreased significantly in groups II, III and V. In conclusion, phenytoin promotes burn wound healing as evidenced by decrease in period of epithelialization and faster wound contraction.

Sero-epidemiology of measles--a three years prospective study in a rural population of Rajasthan.

A community based prospective study on measles was undertaken during 1986 to 1988 in Ramgarh village of Alwar district (Rajasthan) to elucidate epidemiological features of measles. The initial population of the village was 5258 with 2018 children (0-14 years) which rose to total population of 5923 with 2200 children in 1988. During the entire period of study, all the children (0-14 years) were covered regularly through monthly domicilliary visits by trained paramedical personnel under direct supervision of Medical Officers. A total of 208 measles cases were detected which gave an overall incidence rate of 31.5 per 1000 children (0-14 years) per year. Incidence rate was highest in children of 2-5 years of age group and lowest (4.6 per 1000) in 10-14 years of age group. The maximum number (86.5 per cent) of cases occurred during the first six months of year. The Kolmogrov-Smirnov statistical method validated the seasonal character of the disease (Vn = 5.36, p less than 0.01). A significant (P less than 0.005) rise in seropositivity with increase in age was observed in children (6-36 months) who had no previous history of measles and measles immunization during their life time. A higher rate of sero-conversion was observed in children vaccinated after 10-months of age than those before. No significant relationship of seroconversion following vaccination could be seen with age of vaccination (p greater than 0.50), sex and nutritional status (p greater than 0.10).